What are the assignment options to the field? | SAP ABAP

i. Direct assignment of data types, field length, short text to a field.
ii. Data element assignment to a field.
iii. An input check(check table) for a field can be defined with a foreign key.
iv. A search help can be assigned to a field.
v. Reference field or reference table must be specified for a table field that holds currency or quantity type value.

What are the components of a table definition? | SAP ABAP

Table fields: For table fields, field names and data types are defined.
Foreign keys: Relationship between the table and the other tables are defined.
Technical settings: Data class and size category defines that what type of table
to be created and how much space required.
Indexes: Secondary indexes are created for a table for faster data selection.
Again following are defined for a table fields:
Field name can be of maximum 16 characters in a table and must start with a letter.
Key flag determines if a field should be the table key.
Field type depicts the data type of the field in the ABAP dictionary.
Field length denotes the number of valid places in the field.
Decimal places Number of places after decimal point for float type value.
Short text describes the business meaning of the field.
Also fields from other structures can be added to the table definition as include.

What are the main object types of ABAP dictionary? | SAP ABAP

Tables: Tables are defined in the ABAP Dictionary independently of the database. A table having the same structure is then created from this table definition in the underlying database.
Views: are logical views on more than one table. The structure of the view is defined in the ABAP Dictionary. A view on the database can then be created from this structure.
Types (elements, structures, table types): Types are created in ABAP programs. The structure of a type can be defined globally in ABAP programs. Changes to a type automatically take effect in all the programs using the type.

What’s ABAP dictionary and its role in SAP? | SAP ABAP

ABAP dictionary is the central information base for the developers. This manages all definitions(metadata) required for different applications in SAP. ABAP dictionary is completely integrated into ABAP development workbench. All other component of ABAP development workbench can access the data definitions(meta data) stored in the data dictionary.
Role: ABAP data dictionary supports
Definition of user-defined types (data elements, structures, table types).
Structure of database objects (tables, indexes and views) can also be defined.
These user-defined types/objects are then automatically created in the underlying relational database using the above data definitions.
The ABAP dictionary also provides tools for editing screen fields (e.g., for assigning a field an input help i.e. F4 help).
Data dictionary ensures data integrity, consistency and security.

What is Repository Info. Systems? | SAP ABAP

It is a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary available.

What are the basic functions of Database utility? | SAP ABAP

The basic functions of database utility are:
• Create database objects.
• Delete database objects.
• Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition.

What is database utility? | SAP ABAP

Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the SAP system.

What is Locking? | SAP ABAP

When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism.

How many types of Views are there? | SAP ABAP

• Database View
• Help View
• Projection View
• Maintenance View.

What is a view? | SAP ABAP

A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables.

What is the difference between a structure and a table? | SAP ABAP

Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using that no database table is generated from them.

What are null values? | SAP ABAP

If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.

Can you define a field without a data element? | SAP ABAP

Yes. If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table maintenance.

Can you delete data element, which is being used by table fields? | SAP ABAP

No.

Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed? | SAP ABAP

Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain.

What is the function of a data element? | SAP ABAP

A data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical context. A data element contains semantic information.

What are conversion routines? | SAP ABAP

Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa are implemented with so called conversion routines.

Can you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements? | SAP ABAP

No.

What is the function of a Domain? | SAP ABAP

• A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.
• A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which refers to this domain.
• A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure.

What are the differences between a Database index and a match code? | SAP ABAP

• Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields from only one table.
• Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.

What are the two different ways of building a match code object? | SAP ABAP

A match code can be built in two different ways:
Logical structure: The matchcode data is set up temporarily at the moment when the match code is accessed. (Update type I, k).
Physical Structure: The match code data is physically stored in a separate table in the database. (Update type A, S, P).

What are the update types possible? | SAP ABAP

The following update types are possible:
• Update type A: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database changes.
• Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes.
• Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program.
• Update type I: Access to the matchcode data is managed using a database view.

Can matchcode object contain Ids with different update types? | SAP ABAP

Yes.

What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID? | SAP ABAP

If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used for Building matchcodes. You must specify the update type when you define a matchcode ID.

Can we define our own Match Code ID’s for SAP Matchcodes? | SAP ABAP

Yes, the number 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a SAP defined Matchcode object.

What is the max no of match code Id’s that can be defined for one Match code object? | SAP ABAP

A match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number.

What are the two levels in defining a Match Code? | SAP ABAP

• Match Code Object.
• Match Code Id.

What is a Match Code? | SAP ABAP

Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match Codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is unknown.

What are the 2 other types of Views, which are not allowed in Release 3.0? | SAP ABAP

• Structure Views.
• Entity Views.

The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables (t/f)? | SAP ABAP

True.

What are base tables of an aggregate object? | SAP ABAP

The tables making up an aggregate object (primary and secondary) are called aggregate object.

What are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary? | SAP ABAP

• Views
• Match Code.
• Lock Object.

Structures can contain data only during the runtime of a program (T/F)? | SAP ABAP

True.

What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain? | SAP ABAP

• By specifying fixed values.
• By stipulating a value table.

Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster tables? | SAP ABAP

No.

If a table that is to be extended contains a long field, we cannot use append structures why? | SAP ABAP

Long fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table. If a table has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of the table.

To how many tables can an append structure be assigned? | SAP ABAP

One.

What is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure? | SAP ABAP

• In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a statement include.
• In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates in the append structure.

What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables? | SAP ABAP

• Append Structures and
• Customizing Includes.

What is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure? | SAP ABAP

Nine.

What is the significance of Delivery Class? | SAP ABAP

• The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is responsible for table maintenance.
• Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.
• Determines the table type.
• Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported, and when a client copy is performed.

What is a Table attribute? | SAP ABAP

The table's attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of access are allowed for the table. The most important table attributes are:
• Delivery class.
• Table maintenance allowed.
• Activation type.

What is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in the data dictionary)? | SAP ABAP

By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the database. The technical settings allows us to
• Optimize storage space requirements.
• Table access behavior.
• Buffering required.
• Changes to entries logged.

In the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying database (T/F)? | SAP ABAP

True.

What are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary? | SAP ABAP

• Views
• Match codes
• Lock objects.

What are the basic objects of the data dictionary? | SAP ABAP

• Tables
• Domains
• Data elements
• Structures
• Foreign Keys

What are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary?

The following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary:
• Information on fields displayed with F1 help.
• Possible entries for fields displayed with F4 help.
• Matchcode and help views search utilities.

What are the features of ABAP/4 Dictionary?

The most important features are:
• Integrated to a ABAP/4 Development Workbench.
• Active in the runtime environment.

What functions does a data dictionary perform?

In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are
• Management of data definitions.
• Provision of information for evaluation.
• Support for s/w development.
• Support form documentation.
• Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

What is a data dictionary?

Data Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its main function is to support the creation and management of data definitions. It has details about
• what data is contained?
• What are the attributes of the data?
• What is the relationship existing between the various data elements?

How many types of tables exist and what are they in data dictionary? | SAP ABAP

1. Transparent tables - Exists with the same structure both in dictionary as well as in database exactly with the same data and fields. Both Open SQL and Native SQL can be used.
2. Pool tables
3. Cluster tables - These are logical tables that are arranged as records of transparent tables. One cannot use Native SQL on these tables (only Open SQL). They are not manageable directly using database system tools.

What is the difference between tables and structures?

Tables:
1) Data is permanently stored in tables in the database.
2) Database tables are generated from them and It has primary key.
Structure:
1) It contains data temporarily during program run-time.
2) No Database tables are generated from it.

What are the check tables and value tables?

Check Table: The ABAP Dictionary allows you to define relationships between tables using foreign keys. A dependent table is called a foreign key table, and the referenced table is called the check table. Each key field of the check table corresponds to a field in the foreign key table. These fields are called foreign key fields. One of the foreign key fields is designated as the check field for checking the validity of values. The key fields of the check table can serve as input help for the check field.
Value Table: Prior to Release 4.0, it was possible to use the value table of a domain to provide input help. This is no longer possible, primarily because unexpected results could occur if the value table had more than one key field. It was not possible to restrict the other key fields, which meant that the environment of the field was not considered, as is normal with check tables.
In cases where this kind of value help was appropriate, you can reconstruct it by creating a search help for the data elements that use the domain in question, and using the value table as the selection method. Check table will be at field level checking.

What is view? Different types of view. Explain? | SAP ABAP

View - A view is a virtual table containing fields from one or more tables. Different Types of View:
1) Maintenance
2) Database – It is on more than two tables.
3) Projection – It is only on one table.
4) Help

What Function does data dictionary perform?

Central information repository for application and system data. The ABAP Dictionary contains data definitions (metadata) that allow you to describe all of the data structures in the system (like tables, views, and data types) in one place. This eliminates redundancy.

What are pooled table?

Table pools (pools) and table clusters (clusters) are special table types in the ABAP Dictionary. The data from several different tables can be stored together in a table pool or table cluster. Tables assigned to a table pool or table cluster are referred to as pooled tables or cluster tables.
A table in the database in which all records from the pooled tables assigned to the table pool are stored corresponds to a table pool. The definition of a pool consists essentially of two key fields (Tabname and Varkey) and a long argument field (Vardata).
Table Clusters Several logical data records from different cluster tables can be stored together in one physical record in a table cluster.
A cluster key consists of a series of freely definable key fields and a field (Pageno) for distinguishing continuation records. A cluster also contains a long field (Vardata) that contains the contents of the data fields of the cluster tables for this key. If the data does not fit into the long field, continuation records are created. Control information on the structure of the data string is still written at the beginning of the Vardata field.

You have added an append structure to a standard SAP table. What happens to the standard table when a new version of the table is imported during an upgrade?

Append structure is exit at data base level. It will not over written by upgrade. Hence it will remain the same.

What is cardinality? | SAP ABAP

For cardinality one out of two (domain or data element) should be the same for Ztest1 and Ztest2 tables. M:N Cardinality specifies the number of dependent(Target) and independent (source) entities which can be in a relationship.

How do you get help in ABAP? | SAP ABAP

HELP-SAP LIBRARY,by pressing F1 on a keyword.

How do you find the tables to report from when the user just tell you the transaction he uses? And all the underlying data is from SAP structures?

Transcode is entered in command field to open the table.Utilities-Table contents-display.

How do you find if a logical database exists for your program requirements? | SAP ABAP

SLDB-F4.

What are logical databases? What are the advantages/disadvantages of logical databases?

To read data from a database tables we use logical database.
A logical database provides read-only access to a group of related tables to an ABAP/4 program.

What are match codes? describe?

It is a similar to table index that gives list of possible values for either primary keys or non-primary keys.

What is a check table and what is a value table?

Check table will be at field level checking.
Value table will be at domain level checking ex: scarr table is check table for carrid.

What happens when a table is activated in DD?

It is available for any insertion,modification and updation of records by any user.

How are the date and time field values stored in SAP?

DD.MM.YYYY. HH:MM:SS

When you extract the data, the record is filled with the current values of the corresponding fields? | SAP ABAP

As soon as the system has processed the first EXTRACT statement for a field group , the structure of the corresponding extract record in the extract dataset is fixed. You can no longer insert new fields into the field groups and HEADER. If you try to modify one of the field groups afterwards and use it in another EXTRACT statement, a runtime error occurs.

What does an extract statement do in the ABAP program?

Once you have declared the possible record types as field groups and defined their structure, you can fill the extract dataset using the following statements:
EXTRACT .
When the first EXTRACT statement occurs in a program, the system creates the extract dataset and adds the first extract record to it. In each subsequent EXTRACT statement, the new extract record is added to the dataset

What is the advantage of structures? How do you use them in the ABAP programs? | SAP ABAP

Adv:- GLOBAL EXISTANCE(these could be used by any other program without creating it again).

Can you create a table with fields not referring to data elements?

YES. eg:- ITAB LIKE SPFLI.here we are referening to a data object(SPFLI) not data element.

how we can retrive data using secondary index.explain with simple example?

First create secondary indexes on required fields of a particular database table.
We can create one primary index and 15 secondary indexes.Once the respective secondary indexes are created write select queries and within select queries specify secondary indexes field name with where clause.

What is TMG?

TMG stands for Table Maintenance generator. It is a tool available in abap by which we can add or delete multiple records at a time and it is executed or triggered by the transaction code SM30.

Different types of locks?

Exclusive lock(Write lock): The locked data can only be displayed or edited by a single user. A request for another exclusive lock or for a shared lock is rejected.
Shared lock(Read lock): More than one user can access the locked data at the same time in display mode. A request for another shared lock is accepted, even if it comes from another user. An exclusive lock is rejected.
Exclusive but not cumulative(Enhanced write lock): Exclusive locks can be requested several times from the same transaction and are processed successively. In contrast, exclusive but not cumulative locks can be called only once from the same transaction. All other lock requests are rejected.

What are the different buffering methods?

There are two different buffering methods
The system ensures that data transfer between the R/3 System and the database system is as efficient as possible. To do this, it uses the following techniques:
Table buffering: The program accesses data from the buffer of the application server.
Database request buffering: Individual database entries are not read or passed to the database until required by an OPEN SQL statement.

Buffering concept usage? | SAP ABAP

There are three type of buffer
1 single record buffer --it fetches single record from DB every time into the buffer.
2 generic area buffer-- it fetches condition matched records only into the buffer.
3 fully buffer-- it brings all records of table irrespective of condition into the buffer.
Buffering is use for improve performance. it improves performance 10 to 100 times more.

Difference between .include and .append structures? | SAP ABAP

Include structure allows to add one or more structure into structure or table.Also placed positioning anywhere. Upto 6 include structure can be used in a table.
Append structure can be placed only at the end of a structure or table which also stops further insertion of fields.Only one append structure can be used.

Name the table name to store the output program names? | SAP ABAP

Table TNAPR.

Can we create field without data element and how?


In SE11 one option is available above the fields strip. Predefined type/Data element.

Can a transparent table exist in data dictionary but not in the data base physically?

No, at the point you will activate your table a same transparent table is going to be create in database.

What are the different types of data dictionary objects?

Data Dictionary Objects
Basic obj.
* Tables
* Domain
* Data Element
* Type Groups.
Aggressive obj
* Views
* Search Helps/Matchcode Objects
* Lock objects
* Structures
* Table Types.

How data is stored in cluster table?

A cluster table conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables.
It stores data as a name value pair ( varkey, vardata)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using views in ABAP programming ?

advantages:
*view is used to retrieve the data very quickly from the database tables.
*memory wastage is reduced .
*faster than joins to retrieve the data from database tables.
disadvantages:
*view is not a container, it will not hold the data.
*view memory is not permanent memory.

What is lock object ?

Lock Objects are used to synchronize access of several users using same data.

What is Tcode SE16. For what is it used. Explain briefly?

se16 is a data browse and it is used to view the contents of the table and we cannot change or append new fields to the existing structure of the table as we cannot view the structure level display using the se16 .

What is table buffer? Which type of tables used this buffer?

buffer is nothing but a memory area. table is buffered means that table information is available on application server. when you call data from database table it will come from application server.
transperent and pooled tables are buffered. cluster tables can not buffered.

What is the difference between Table and Template?

table is a dynamic and template is a static.

What is the differences between structure and table in data dictionary in ABAP?

Structure and table both are 2/2 matrices but there are many differences between table and structure.

1. Table can store the data physically but a structure dose not store.
2. Table can have primary key but a structure dose not have.
3. Table can have the technical attribute but a structure dose not have.

wher does information come from when you press f1 on a screen field?

From the data element.

When is it better to buffer the table?

When the table data does not change frequently for such kind of tables we should go for buffering otherwise more time will be required to update the buffer area with the latest information. 90% of SAp tables are not buffered.

What are logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical databases?

To read data from a database tables we use logical database. A logical database provides read-only access to a group of related tables to an ABAP/4 program.
Advantages: i)check functions which check that user input is complete, correct and plausible. ii)Meaningful data selection. iii)central authorization checks for database accesses. iv)good read access performance while retaining the hierarchical data view determined by the application logic.
Dis advantages: i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an END-OF-SELECTION).

Difference between transparent tables and pooled tables? | SAP ABAP

Transparent tables: these are physical tables and having one-to-one relation with the table in database. Its structure corresponds to single database field. Table in the database has the same name as in the dictionary. these holds application data.
Pooled tables: these are logical tables and having many-to-one relation with the tables in database. Table in the database has the different name as in the dictionary. Pooled table are stored in table pool at the database level.

What are indexes? | SAP ABAP

Indexes are described as a copy of a database table reduced to specific fields. This data exists in sorted form. This sorting form ease fast access to the field of the tables. The indexes are activated along with the table.

Describe data classes? | SAP ABAP

it gives the information of table falls under which area (ie master data, transactional data , customizing data)
Master data: It is the data which is seldomly changed.(it is rarely updated and regularly changed).
EX. Vendor, customer, general ledger etc.
Transaction data: It is the data which is often changed(it is the data regularly updated and changed).
Ex: sales order, purchase order, delivery, invoice etc.
Control/customizing data: (Organization data): It is a customizing data which is entered in the system when the system is configured and is then rarely changed.
( System data):It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself.

What is foreign key relationship? | SAP ABAP

A relationship which can be defined between tables and must be explicitly defined at field level. Foreign keys are used to ensure the consistency of data. Data entered should be checked against existing data to ensure that there are now contradiction.

What are domains and data element? | SAP ABAP

Domains: It is the central object for describing the technical characteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value range of the field, Definition of the field.
Data Element: It is used to describe the semantic definition of the table fields like description the field. Data element describes how a field can be displayed to end-user.

What is an ABAP data dictionary? | SAP ABAP

ABAP 4 data dictionary describes the logical structures of the objects used in application development and shows how they are mapped to the underlying relational database in tables/views.
ABAP Dictionary is a central information repository for application and system data without redundancies. The ABAP Dictionary contains data definitions (metadata) that allow you to describe all of the data structures in the system in one place. The most important object types in the ABAP Dictionary are tables, views, types, domains, search helps and lock objects

What is the best way for reading database table lines in an internal table in the form of packs of a known size?

SELECT *FROM SPFLI INTO TABLE ITAB PACKAGE SIZE N (N being the variable). We must give a name to the WILDCARD characters that are meant to be compared with numeric and character strings.

How do we describe Activation? | SAP ABAP

In the time of activation, the runtime object of aggregate object/tables is being made, it will be buffered for the purpose of faster access from the application program; it contains details regarding the following objects of table: domain, data elements, field definition, table definition.

How can we describe the following commands: MODIFY LINE and READ LINE? | SAP ABAP

The MODIFY LINE statement is meant for changing the lines of a full list from inside the program and the READ LINE statement is used for reading data found on the lines from the current levels. READ LINE is the same as READ CURRENT LINE and they are both related to HIDE.

What types of Internal tables exist? | SAP ABAP

The Internal table type are:
a)  The standard table: for key access to this type of table linear search is used, so the duration needed for a search has a linear connection to how many table entries we have. For accessing standard tables it is best to use index operations.
b)  The hashed table: it is a table that will be handled using an internal hash procedure and it will only be available to access with the generic (key) operations like LOOP, SORT and others, so implicit/explicit index operations are forbidden.
c)  The sorted table: it is a table that is every time sorted in the right way and to access it we need to use binary keys. The index from the lower level is picked up by the system if we don’t have a unique key. The table count determines directly in a logarithmic way the needed runtime for key access.
d)  The index table: is the table which is possible for us to access with the aid of an index. Its solely purpose if to say what kind of generic parameters we will have in a function or form.

How do we describe the “Check” statements and what is their mechanism? | SAP ABAP

The “Check” statement is used for finishing one loop pass conditionally, when the condition says true the rest of the statements from the actual statement block will be ignored and will begin the next loop.

Explain Hashed tables in SAP Internal Tables? | SAP ABAP

This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is key access. You cannot access a hashed table using its index. The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table entries. Like database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key. Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table which resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.

In what way is made the client specification regarding data processing? | SAP ABAP

TABLES SPFLI. SELECT * FROM SPFLI CLIENT SPECIFIED WHERE MANDT BETWEEN ‘001’ and ‘003’.
… END SELECT.

Explain row type and line type concept? | SAP ABAP

one type refers to the structure of an internal table,whereas row type is the actual part that contains the data and it refers to the table body.creating internal table using line type and row type concept is for reusability purpose.Line type and Row type are defined at DDIC LEVEL.

Can any one give me brief explanation about internal tables, and work area? | SAP ABAP

An internal table is a run time instance. It get created when program starts execution. *It get destroyed when program terminates. It has two different parts: HeaderLine(optional) and Body(Compulsory). *Any value that comes to or goes from interanal table, that travels through headerline.

What is Size of the internal tables? | SAP ABAP

The size of the internal tables are set using the 'occurs n' clause. Here n refers to a integer number that specifies the size. Usually its given as 'occurs 0' which creates an itab with the memmory space of 8kb.

What is the difference between internal table and structure? | SAP ABAP

There are there types of structure:-
1. Flat structure( elementary fields)
2. Nested structure ( type reference to other structure)
3. deep structure ( type reference to database tables)

What are the details regarding the debugger screen functions? | SAP ABAP

Single step or F5 is an option that can be used to go through a program by every statement, in the function modules and subroutines that will run also step by step. After the processing of every function module or subroutine with the aid of the statements CALL FUNCTION and PERFORM the control can go back at the statement. Execute or F6 is an option for running a program with every line, so in a single line the statements will be processed all at once. When we use Execute and we are on a line invoking a subroutine , the entire subroutine will be processed and it will go to the line with the subroutine invoking, and we can go from statement to statement inside the subroutine. Return or F7: When control is going back to the main program, also the debugger will go back there from the subroutine. Return is an option that is good for going back to the invoking program from a subroutine , invoked program or function module. Continue or F8 is an option good for processing the program up to the following dynamic or static breakpoint or the location of the cursor. When the breakpoints don’t exist anymore and there is no cursor, the remaining part of the program will be processed normally and the system will go out of the debugging mode.

What is the role of the following commands: IMPORT and EXPORT? When we use IMPORT what is the way for passing multiple data groups?

 IMPORT: The statement used or reading the data objects from the memory into a program in ABAP/4 has this syntax: IMPORT … FROM MEMORY ID. The data objects that are read are found in a memory cluster in the form of a list. Without the option TO the same name will be found at assigning the data object from the memory to the one from the application. In this case the data object will be read in the field from memory and the memory cluster will be seen by the name, which can be of a maximum of 32 characters in length. We don’t really have to read every object that was deposited on a specific name, the object count can be restricted by the names of the objects. When on a specific name in the memory there are no objects then SYSUBRC will be four. In another case when the name from memory has a data cluster then SY-SUBRC will be 0 no matter if there is nor not a data object contained.
EXPORT: The statement and syntax used for reading data objects from the program into memory in ABAP/4 is: EXPORT … TO MEMORY ID. A cluster in the memory is where the data objects are deposited in form of a list, when FROM is not used the data object will be stored in the name of the data object, when FORM is used a name will be used for storage and it will represent the cluster from the memory, 32 maximum characters in length. If we have the same name already EXPORT will overwrite what it finds in the current data cluster.

What is the syntax and function used for command AUTHORITY CHECK? | SAP ABAP

 Syntax: AUTHORITY=CHECK OBJECT
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0. The verification for authorization from the user part for starting a specific action is made by AUTHORITY CHECK.

At the creation of internal tables what is the criteria configuration of the value of an occurs? | SAP ABAP

What we have to do for configuring the value of an occurs is to make optimizations and for this we have to keep in mind some things like:
a) The default declared size will be maintained in the roll area – faster program access.
b) The whole data area of the application will be 64 kilobytes.
c) The data inserted that is bigger than the default size is deposited in the roll file- the program is accessed slow.
More, prior to deciding to do an optimization we have to analyze the rates of access and the volume .

How do we proceed for a row in a table when we want to run a report? | SAP ABAP

In this case we will make use of the Graphics Multiplexer. We will have a procedure that resembles screen capture that allows us to capture just the data. With this data graphs can be designed 2D or 3D, a feature that we can always access from the Menu-generate Graphics. In this way the required data can be dragged and we can choose the data we need for making a graph. After selection we must hit Graphics and the Graphics Multiplexer will be opened.

How do we make a separation between these terms: appending, input and output? | SAP ABAP

Through appending we understand opening a file in order to write at its end. In the case the file is not found we have to make it. Through input we understand the opening a file to read it and through output we mean opening a file for the purpose of writing. The file in which we write will be overwritten if it is already there and made if it doesn’t exist already.

How do we separate these statements: assign and move? | SAP ABAP

Assign: at data object assigning, the data project’s technical attributes are verified by the system for compatibility with every type specifications of the field symbol (ASSIGN TO). General attributes can be taken by the field symbol if they are not found in the field type specifications. If we go with the assignment it shows in the memory.
Move: the MOVE statement is used for giving data object values to variables. It can be found as text symbol, literal, constant but it is not necessary to be found as a variable. No matter what the personal configurations the user has the decimal points always have to be stated with a period (,).

How can we process sequential file, through what commands and syntax? | SAP ABAP

For reading we use READ DATASET, for writing we use TRANSFER and for mode at POSITION MESSAGE, OPEN DATASET.
READ DATASET INTO
CLOSE DATASET
DELETE DATASET
TRANSFER

What is the meaning of Field group, extract data set? | SAP ABAP

 Extract data sets are made of records sequences, we can have various structures for the records, record types are in fact a group of records that have the same structure. Every record type that an extract dataset has can be defined as a field group with the statement FIELD GROUPS. The FIELD GROUPS statement brings multiple fields together with providing one single name. Usually we should declare the field groups when the declaration part in a program is finished, this will make everything clearer.Field groupsdon’tgenerate field space but they show the fields that already exist, they show us the records content if the records are met in the extract dataset.

What is the way for accessing data that is found on an application server and on a presentation server in ABAP/4? | SAP ABAP

We will have to make use of these modules: UPLOAD or WS_UPLOAD for the presentation server and OPEN DATASET, CLOSE DATASET, READ DATASET for the application server.

In what way are Get and SET different? | SAP ABAP

 GET PARAMETER IF FIELD: The value deposited in ID is met in the variable by the statement, if a value is not found in SAP memory, the system configures SY-SUBRC to 4, in a different case is 0.
SET PARAMETER ID FIELD: The field contents from ID are stored in SAP memory in a code with up to 20 characters in length. If a value is found there already it will be overwritten, if there is no ID we have to make a new parameter object by double-clicking the ABAP Editor.

What are the advantages of structures? How do you use them in the ABAP programs? | SAP ABAP

Using a structure, user can add fields to the existing SAP database tables. Using .INCLUDE and .APPEND
statements structures can be added to the database tables. Creating structures with in a structure is also
possible. User can add maximum 9 structures to a database table. Structures are used to hold data from tables
during runtime of a transaction or a program. It can be applied in programs by the FIELD STRINGS.

What is the meaning of these terms in SAP: application server and presentation server?

An application server manages the output /input of ABAP/4 programs and interprets them. Application servers are groups of executables. Presentation servers are programs from the workstations of users that are called like this: Sapgui.exe.

What is the typical structure of an ABAP/4 program? | SAP ABAP

Structure of ABAP/4 program is:
1. Declaration
2. Dialog Module
3. Event Block
4. Procedure

What are client dependant objects in abap/sap? | SAP ABAP

Client Dependent objects are the objects whose functionality is restricted to a particular client. For example in a table, records entered in one client for a client dependent table the same record is not visible for in any other
client .

What is a Development class? | SAP ABAP

Related objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development class. This enables you to correct and transport related objects as a unit.

What are local objects? | SAP ABAP

Local objects (Dev class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system.

What is the function of the correction system? | SAP ABAP

The correction system manages changes to internal system components. Such as objects of the ABAP/4 Dictionary.

How can we set the table spaces and extent sizes? | SAP ABAP

You can specify the extent sizes and the table space (physical storage area in the database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category and data class.

What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer? | SAP ABAP

Possible ABAP/4 data types:
C: Character.
D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S: Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

What are the Data types of the external layer? | SAP ABAP

ACCP, Char, CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG, LCHR, LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC.

How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level? | SAP ABAP

Conversion between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP dialog manager DYNP.

Which objects are independent transport objects? | SAP ABAP

Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes for transparent tables, Structures, Views, Match code objects, Match code Ids, Lock objects.

How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer? | SAP ABAP

Conversion between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the database interface.

How can we access the correction and transport system? | SAP ABAP

Each time you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, you branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction and transport system.

What is a table cluster? | SAP ABAP

A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database.

What are pooled tables? | SAP ABAP

These are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or program parameters).

What is a table pool? | SAP ABAP

A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long argument field (VARDATA).

What is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer? | SAP ABAP

The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport these changes between different SAP systems.

What are control tables? | SAP ABAP

The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-specific values via control tables.

How many types of size categories and data classes are there? | SAP ABAP

There are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are appropriate for application tables:
APPL0- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated).
APPL1- Transaction data (data that is changed frequently).
APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured and then rarely changed).
The other two types are:
USR
USR1 - Intended for customer's own developments.

What is a Size Category? | SAP ABAP

The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the database.

What is a Data Class? | SAP ABAP

The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in the database.

Define Database layer? | SAP ABAP

The database layer describes the data formats used in the database.

Define ABAP/4 layer? | SAP ABAP

The ABAP/4 layer describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor.

Define external layer? | SAP ABAP

The external layer is the plane at which the user sees and interacts with the data, that is, the data format in the user interface. This data format is independent of the database system used.

What are the layers of data description in R/3? | SAP ABAP

• The external layer.
• The ABAP/4 layer.
• The database layer.

Difference between SY-TABIX and SY-INDEX? Where it is used? | SAP ABAP

SY-TABIX - Current line of an internal table. SY-TABIX is set by the statements below, but only for index tables.
* APPEND sets SY-TABIX to the index of the last line of the table, that is, it contains the overall number of entries in the table.
* COLLECT sets SY-TABIX to the index of the existing or inserted line in the table. If the table has the type HASHED TABLE, SY-TABIX is set to 0.
* LOOP AT sets SY-TABIX to the index of the current line at the beginning of each loop lass. At the end of the loop, SY-TABIX is reset to the value that it had before entering the loop. It is set to 0 if the table has the type HASHED TABLE.
* READ TABLE sets SY-TABIX to the index of the table line read. If you use a binary search, and the system does not find a line, SY-TABIX contains the total number of lines, or one more than the total number of lines. SY-INDEX is undefined if a linear search fails to return an entry.
* SEARCH FOR sets SY-TABIX to the index of the table line in which the search string is found.
SY_INDEX - In a DO or WHILE loop, SY-INDEX contains the number of loop passes including the current pass.

What are the system fields? Explain? | SAP ABAP

The ABAP system fields are active in all ABAP programs. They are filled by the runtime environment, and you can query their values in a program to find out particular states of the system. Although they are variables, you should not assign your own values to them, since this may overwrite information that is important for the normal running of the program. However, there are some isolated cases in which you may need to overwrite a system variable. For example, by assigning a new value to the field SY-LSIND, you can control navigation within details lists.

Difference between SAP Buffer and Paging area? SAP ABAP

Roll and page areas are SAP R/3 buffers used to store user contexts (process requests). The SAP dispatcher assigns process requests to work processes as they are queued in the roll and page areas.
Paging area holds data from the application programs.
Roll area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characterize the user.

How to convert hexadecimal format to string format? Give an example? | SAP ABAP

field-symbols:
type any.
data:
lv_string type string value '#SBP0#1123456789 #SBS01',
lv_split type c value '#'."probably not # but cl_abap_char_utilities=>cr_lf or =>horizontal_tab or?
lt_splits type table of string,
lv_result type string.
split lv_string at lv_split into table lt_splits.
loop at lt_splits assigning .
concatenate lv_result into lv_result separated by space.
endloop.
write / lv_result." SBS01 1123456789 SBS01

How do you check the roles associated with an authorization object? | SAP ABAP

By using S_BCE_68001422 transaction code and use AGR_1251 table.

ABAP point of view DEV system is used for development the objects but what is the need of QA (Quality) System? Please explain?

The DEV server does not contain much data and the Unit Testing is normally done there.
There can be several changes done to the DEV system that are not imported to PRD (E.G. Local Objects or transports not yet moved). The QAS system is an exact copy of PRD with less data. Quality server is the box where integration testing happens. Business and super users usually do testing here, before it’s moved to production.
Assume you made a program in DEV that uses another program which is a local object.
Obviously testing in DEV will be fine and your results will be fine.
But when you move to PRD, the local object won’t move, so the program will fail in PRD.
So, it is important to test in QAS.

How to determine the attributes of an internal table? | SAP ABAP

DESCRIBE TABLE [LINES ] [OCCURS ].

How do you write a DATA object from ABAP/4 program to ABAP/4 memory and restore the same from memory to program.

EXPORT [FROM ][FROM ]…. TO MEMORY ID .
The ID , which can be up to 32 characters long, identifies the data in memory.

What are different data types in ABAP/4? | SAP ABAP

Elementary -
predefined C,D,F,I,N,P,T,X.
userdefined TYPES.
ex: see in intel book page no 35/65
Structured -
predefined TABLES.
userdefined Field Strings and internal tables.

In an ABAP/4 program how do you access data that exists on a presentation server vs on an application server?

i)using loop statements.
ii)flat

What are step loops? How do you program pagedown pageup in step loops? | SAP ABAP

step loops are repeated blocks of field in a screen.

What are presentation and application servers in SAP? | SAP ABAP

The application layer of an R/3 System is made up of the application servers and the message server. Application programs in an R/3 System are run on application servers. The application servers communicate with the presentation components, the database, and also with each other, using the message server.

Overall how do you write transaction programs in SAP? | SAP ABAP

Create program-SE93-create transcode-Run it from command field.

What are interface/conversion programs in SAP? | SAP ABAP

CONVERSION : LEGACY SYSTEM TO FLAT FILE.
INTERFACE : FLAT FILE TO SAP SYSTEM.

How to find the return code of a statement in ABAP programs? | SAP ABAP

Using function modules.

How do you take care of performance issues in your ABAP programs? | SAP ABAP

- Use views defined in the ABAP/4 DDIC (also has the advantage of better reusability).
- Use field list (SELECT clause) rather than SELECT *.
- Range tables should be avoided (IN operator)
- Avoid nested SELECTS.
i)system tools
ii)field symbols and field groups.
Field Symbols : Field symbols are placeholders for existing fields. A Field Symbol does not physically reserve space for a field,but points to a field which is not known until runtime of the program.
eg:- FIELD-SYMBOL [].
Field groups : A field group combines several fields under one name.At runtime,the INSERT command is used to define which data fields are assigned to which field group.
There should always be a HEADER field group that defines how the extracted data will be sorted,the data is sorted by the fields grouped under the HEADER field group.

How to use a specific number occurs statement? | SAP ABAP

i)It is a standard data type object which exists only during the runtime of the program.
They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables according to users need.
ii)using SY-DBCNT.
iii)The number of memory allocations the system need to allocate for the next record population.

What are internal tables? How do you get the number of lines in an internal table?

i)It is a standard data type object which exists only during the runtime of the program.
They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables according to users need.
ii)using SY-DBCNT.
iii)The number of memory allocations the system need to allocate for the next record population.

And how do you display initial values in a selection screen? | SAP ABAP

display :- Parameters default 'xxx'.
select-options for spfli-carrid.

How do you validate the selection criteria of a report?And how do you display initial values in a selection screen? | SAP ABAP

validate :- by using match code objects.

What are select options and what is the diff from parameters? | SAP ABAP

select options provide ranges where as parameters do not.
SELECT-OPTIONS declares an internal table which is automatically filled with values or ranges of values entered by the end user. For each SELECT-OPTIONS , the system creates a selection table.
SELECT-OPTIONS FOR .
A selection table is an internal table with fields SIGN, OPTION, LOW and HIGH.
The type of LOW and HIGH is the same as that of .
The SIGN field can take the following values: I Inclusive (should apply) E Exclusive (should not apply)
The OPTION field can take the following values: EQ Equal GT Greater than NE Not equal BT Between LE Less than or equal NB Not between LT Less than CP Contains pattern GE Greater than or equal NP No pattern.
diff:-
PARAMETERS allow users to enter a single value into an internal field within a report.
SELECT-OPTIONS allow users to fill an internal table with a range of values.
For each PARAMETERS or SELECT-OPTIONS statement you should define text elements by choosing
Goto - Text elements - Selection texts - Change.
Eg:- Parameters name(30).
when the user executes the ABAP/4 program,an input field for 'name' will appear on the selection screen.You can change the comments on the left side of the input fields by using text elements as described in Selection Texts.

What are ranges? What are number ranges? | SAP ABAP

max,min values prBovided in selection screens.

What is open sql vs native sql? | SAP ABAP

Open SQL , native SQL are the interfaces to create the database applicatons.
Open SQL is consistant across different types of existing Databases.
Native SQL is the database language specific to database.Its API is specific to the databse.
Open SQL API is consistent across all vendors.

What is the typical structure of an ABAP/4 program?

HEADER ,BODY,FOOTER.

How you can verify if two internal tables are equal?

Two internal tables are equal if each pair of corresponding lines is equal.

If RFC function module is called in same system i.e. RFC server and if destination is not specified then what will happen?

RFC function module will be executed as normal function module.

What are the various Elementary Data Types in ABAP?

There are eight predefined elementary data types in ABAP:
1) Character string (C)
2) Numeric string (N)
3) Date field (D)
4) Time field (T)
5) Hexadecimal field (X)
6) Integer (I)
7) Floating point number (F)
8) Packed number (P)
We can use these data types as the basis for further data types that we can create either locally in a program or globally in the ABAP Dictionary.

Tell me about workbench request and customization requests.

Workbench (ABAP Dev) request is client independent when you import it into one system it reflact it in all client in same system, but customized request has to import in that client perticular client where it is created, actually it is client dependent.

Workbench request are client dependent or client independent? | SAP ABAP

Workbench request are client independent.
(Common Man Workbench request holds the Program , FM etc…. How it can be Client Dependent!!!!)

What is the land scape in sap? | SAP ABAP

In every organisation sap landscape involves three servers viz, Development server, Quality server and Production server. Whatever new development we do as per clients requirement is done in development server. Later to test the developed object we move it to quality server for testing and finally once everything goes clear then the object is moved to production server ,production server data is ready for final business use.

Difference between select option and ranges ? | SAP ABAP

The main difference between select option and ranges is that ranges implicitly or automatically creates internal table with fields like OPTION,LOW,HIGH,SIGN,etc . Where as in case of select option we have to explicitly create internal table.
When u declares a select options it will implicitly declare an internal table (ranges) for you.
While using RANGES syntax u can declare internal table explicitly.
The only need of declaring ranges is when you r not taking input from the user but you want make limit based selection at that time it will be use full.
e.g. SELECT ** from ** where MATNR in val_range.
here u can use select-option or ranges : val_range.

Select up to 1 row and select single difference ? | SAP ABAP

Select single fetches first matching record. If more than one matching records are there then only the first matching record will be considered other records will not be taken into account. Where as select up to 1 rows will fetch all the matching records from the database.(Again it will assign only One Record to the internal table/Work area).

What are Field Groups? | SAP ABAP

A group that combines several fields fewer than one name, at runtime, the INSERT command is used to define which data fields are assigned to which field group are called Field Groups. It should always be a HEADER field group that defines how the extracted data will be sorted; the fields grouped under the HEADER field group sort the data.

What is the difference between scrolling a table horizontally and vertically..?? Ans: In table control when you scroll a table vertically presentation server needs to call application server to fetch the next record and display in the table while in case of horizontal scroll there is no need to call application server.

In table control when you scroll a table vertically presentation server needs to call application server to fetch the next record and display in the table while in case of horizontal scroll there is no need to call application server.

What is occurs in internal table? | SAP ABAP

Occurs addition to the Declaration will give initial size to that table.occur statement allocates 8kb of memory to the internal table.

Preformance techniques? | SAP ABAP

1. The sequence of fields must be same as per database table
2. During writing select query write all fields in sequence as per database table.
3. Never write select statements inside loop….endloop.
4. Use st05 SQL trace, se30 run time analysis, code inspector, slin,etc.
5. Use select single * statement instead of select *
6. Always use primary key
7. Use binary search but before using binary search sort that table.

How can we pull out a report that gives a count of how many times a report has been executed?

Using TCODE STAT.

Why can’t we create an ABAP program without using Y or Z? | SAP ABAP

It’s because all non Yor Z programs are already reserved by SAP programs

What is a ‘Z’ report? | SAP ABAP

Y or Z report refer to custom made abap programs written for SAP modules.

In the ‘select’ statement what is “group by”? | SAP ABAP

Group by clause is used to fetch the data from the table by the specified field
ex.select count (*) from emptable group by deptno where deptno = 1.
It is used to find the number of employees present in the specified department no.

Did you set up a workflow? Are you familiar with all steps for setting up a workflow?

Yes.
Execute the Txn SWDD(Creating a new Workflow).
In the header of the Workflow, define the Business Object and Event you refer to for triggering the Wf. Create the Steps required for your workflow(Activity).
Inside the Activity, Create the task and assign the Business Object and the related method for that business object.
Activate the Workflow.

What is a collect statement? How is it different from append? | ABAP

APPEND :
IT IS USED TO GET THE RECORD FROM THE INTERNAL TABLE HEADER TO THE BODY AREA IT ALLOWS DUPLICATION
COLLECT:
IT IS USED TO A GET A RECORD FROM HEADER TO THE BODY AREA BUT IT WILL NOT ALLOW ANY DUPLICATION EXCEPT IF THERE IS ANY NUMERIC FIELS IT ADDS THAT FIELDS DATA BUT NOT AS A NEW RECORD
If an entry with the same key already exists, the COLLECT statement does not append a new line, but adds the contents of the numeric fields in the work area to the contents of the numeric fields in the existing entry.

Have you used performance tuning? What major steps will you use for these?

First of all tunning can be done
In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunings,
Before tunning u have to get the status of your database using
Oracle utility called stat pack , tkprof, then you should go for tunings.

What is Field symbol ? | SAP ABAP

fieldsymbol has the same concept as pointer in c, fieldsymbol don't point to a data type like char, num instead of that it points to the memory block.

What are different ABAP/4 editors? What are the differences? | SAP ABAP

The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38 you can go create programs and view online reports and basically do all the development of objects in this editor. In se80 ( object navigator) there are additional features such as creating packages, module pool , function group ,classes, programs ( where you can create ur programs) and BSP applications .

What is the difference between Type and Like? | SAP ABAP

TYPE, you assign datatype directly to the data object while declaring.
LIKE,you assign the datatype of another object to the declaring data object. The datatype is referenced indirectly.
                    (OR)
Type is a keyword used to refer to a data type whereas Like is a keyword used to copy the existing properties of already existing data object.
                    (OR)
type refers the existing data type.
like refers the existing data object.

What is the difference between SAP memory and ABAP memory? | SAP ABAP

data sending between main sessions using get parameter and set parameter is sap memory data sending between internal sessions using import or export parameters is abap memory sap memory is a global memory whereas abap memory is local memory.

What is the difference between collect and sum? | SAP ABAP

SUM.
When processing an internal table in a block starting with LOOP and concluded by ENDLOOP , SUM calculates the control totals of all fields of type I , F and P (see also ABAP/4 number types ) and places them in the LOOP output area (header line of the internal table or an explicitly specified work area).
COLLECT.
COLLECT is used to create unique or compressed datasets. The key fields are the default key fields of the internal table itab .

What is CTS and what do you know about it? | SAP ABAP

The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation when planning your development project.
The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system landscape.
This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation when planning your development project.
For practical information on working with the Change and Transport System, see Change and Transport Organizer and Transport Management System.

What is DynPro? | SAP ABAP

DynPro is a Dynamic Programming which is a combination of screen and the associated flow logic Screen is also called as DynPro

What are internal tables? | SAP ABAP

Internal tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the runtime of the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organizing the contents of database tables according to users need.

What is an ABAP/4 Query? |

ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to generate simple reports without any coding. ABAP/4 Query can generate the following 3 simple reports:
Basic List: It is the simple reports.
Statistics: Reports with statistical functions like Average, Percentages.
Ranked Lists: For analytical reports.
   For creating a ABAP/4 Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional group. Functional group can be created using with or without logical database table. Finally, assign user group to functional group. Finally, create a query on the functional group generated

What are the different points where weaving can be applied? | Java Springs

  1. Compile Time
  2.  Classload Time
  3.  Runtime

What is meant by Weaving? | Java Springs

The process of applying aspects to a target object to create a new proxy object is called as Weaving. The aspects are woven into the target object at the specified joinpoints.

What is a Target? | Java Springs

A target is the class that is being advised. The class can be a third party class or your own class to which you want to add your own custom behavior. By using the concepts of AOP, the target class is free to center on its major concern, unaware to anyadvice that is being applied.

What is a Proxy? | Java Springs

A proxy is an object that is created after applying advice to a target object. When you think of client objects the target object and the proxy object are the same.

What is an Introduction in AOP? | Java Springs

An introduction allows the user to add new methods or attributes to an existing class. This can then be introduced to an existing class without having to change the structure of the class, but give them the new behavior and state.

What is a Pointcut? | Java Springs

A pointcut is something that defines at what joinpoints an advice should be applied. Advices can be applied at any joinpoint that is supported by the AOP framework. These Pointcuts allow you to specify where theadvice can be applied.

What is an Advice? | Java Springs

Advice is the implementation of an aspect. It is something like telling your application of a new behavior. Generally, and advice is inserted into an application at joinpoints.

What is an Aspect? | Java Springs

An aspect is the cross-cutting functionality that you are implementing. It is the aspect of your application you are modularizing. An example of an aspect is logging. Logging is something that is required throughout an application. However, because applications tend to be broken down into layers based on functionality, reusing a logging module through inheritance does not make sense. However, you can create a logging aspect and apply it throughout your application using AOP.

What is a Jointpoint? | Java Springs

A joinpoint is a point in the execution of the application where an aspect can be plugged in. This point could be a method being called, an exception being thrown, or even a field being modified. These are the points where your aspect’s code can be inserted into the normal flow of your application to add new behavior.

What are different types of Autowire types? | Java Springs

There are four different types by which autowiring can be done.
  • byName
  • byType
  • constructor
  • autodetect

What are the different types of bean injections? | Java Springs

There are two types of bean injections.
1. By setter
2. By constructor

What are Inner Beans? | Java Springs

When wiring beans, if a bean element is embedded to a property tag directly, then that bean is said to the Inner Bean. The drawback of this bean is that it cannot be reused anywhere else.

What are the important beans lifecycle methods? | Java Springs

There are two important bean lifecycle methods. The first one is setup which is called when the bean is loaded in to the container. The second method is the teardown method which is called when the bean is unloaded from the container.

How to integrate your Struts application with Spring? | Java Springs

To integrate your Struts application with Spring, we have two options:
  •  Configure Spring to manage your Actions as beans, using the ContextLoaderPlugin, and set their dependencies in a Spring context file.
  • Subclass Spring's ActionSupport classes and grab your Spring-managed beans explicitly using a getWebApplicationContext() method.

What is Significance of JSF- Spring integration? | Java Springs

Spring - JSF integration is useful when an event handler wishes to explicitly invoke the bean factory to create beans on demand, such as a bean that encapsulates the business logic to be performed when a submit button is pressed.

What is XMLBeanFactory? | Java Springs

BeanFactory has many implementations in Spring. But one of the most useful one is org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanFactory, which loads its beans based on the definitions contained in an XML file. To create an XmlBeanFactory, pass a java.io.InputStream to the constructor. The InputStream will provide the XML to the factory. For example, the following code snippet uses a java.io.FileInputStream to provide a bean definition XML file to XmlBeanFactory.

Explain Bean lifecycle in Spring framework? | Java Springs

1. The spring container finds the bean’s definition from the XML file and instantiates the bean.
2. Using the dependency injection, spring populates all of the properties as specified in the bean definition.
3. If the bean implements the BeanNameAware interface, the factory calls setBeanName() passing the bean’s ID.
4. If the bean implements the BeanFactoryAware interface, the factory calls setBeanFactory(), passing an instance of itself.
5. If there are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean, their post- ProcessBeforeInitialization() methods will be called.
6. If an init-method is specified for the bean, it will be called.
7. Finally, if there are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean, their postProcessAfterInitialization() methods will be called.

What does a simple spring application contain? | Java Springs

These applications are like any Java application. They are made up of several classes, each performing a specific purpose within the application. But these classes are configured and introduced to each other through an XML file. This XML file describes how to configure the classes, known as theSpring configuration file.

What is AOP Alliance? | Java Springs

AOP Alliance is an open-source project whose goal is to promote adoption of AOP and interoperability among different AOP implementations by defining a common set of interfaces and components.

What is Spring configuration file? | Java Springs

Spring configuration file is an XML file. This file contains the classes information and describes how these classes are configured and introduced to each other.

What is web module? | Java Springs

This module is built on the application context module, providing a context that is appropriate for web-based applications. This module also contains support for several web-oriented tasks such as transparently handling multipart requests for file uploads and programmatic binding of request parameters to your business objects. It also contains integration support with Jakarta Struts.

What are object/relational mapping integration module? | Java Springs

Spring also supports for using of an object/relational mapping (ORM) tool over straight JDBC by providing the ORM module. Spring provide support to tie into several popular ORM frameworks, including Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS SQL Maps. Spring’s transaction management supports each of these ORM frameworks as well as JDBC.

What is AOP module? | Java Springs

The AOP module is used for developing aspects for our Spring-enabled application. Much of the support has been provided by the AOP Alliance in order to ensure the interoperability between Spring and other AOP frameworks. This module also introduces metadata programming to Spring. Using Spring’s metadata support, we will be able to add annotations to our source code that instruct Spring on where and how to apply aspects.

What is JDBC abstraction and DAO module? | Java Springs

Using this module we can keep up the database code clean and simple, and prevent problems that result from a failure to close database resources. A new layer of meaningful exceptions on top of the error messages given by several database servers is bought in this module. In addition, this module uses Spring’s AOP module to provide transaction management services for objects in a Spring application.

What is Application context module? | Java Springs

The Application context module makes spring a framework. This module extends the concept of BeanFactory, providing support for internationalization (I18N) messages, application lifecycle events, and validation. This module also supplies many enterprise services such JNDI access, EJB integration, remoting, and scheduling. It also provides support to other framework.

What is the Core container module? | Java Springs

This module is provides the fundamental functionality of the spring framework. In this module BeanFactory is the heart of any spring-based application. The entire framework was built on the top of this module. This module makes the Spring container.

What are the different modules in Spring framework? | Java Springs

    There are 7 modules in Spring Framework
  •  The Core container module
  •  Application context module
  •  AOP module (Aspect Oriented Programming)
  •  JDBC abstraction and DAO module
  •  O/R mapping integration module (Object/Relational)
  •  Web module
  •  MVC framework module

What is DelegatingVariableResolver? | Java Springs

Spring provides a custom JavaServer Faces VariableResolver implementation that extends the standard Java Server Faces managed beans mechanism which lets you use JSF and Spring together. This variable resolver is called as DelegatingVariableResolver.

What do you mean by Auto Wiring? | Java Springs

The Spring container is able to autowire relationships between collaborating beans. This means that it is possible to automatically let Spring resolve collaborators (other beans) for your bean by inspecting the contents of the BeanFactory. The autowiring functionality has five modes.

  1.  no
  2.  byName
  3.  byType
  4.  constructor
  5.  autodirect

What do you mean by Bean wiring? | Java Springs

The act of creating associations between application components (beans) within the Spring container is reffered to as Bean wiring.

What is the typical Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container? | Java Springs

Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container is as follows:
  1. The spring container finds the bean’s definition from the XML file and instantiates the bean.
  2. Using the dependency injection, spring populates all of the properties as specified in the bean definition
  3. If the bean implements the BeanNameAware interface, the factory calls setBeanName() passing the bean’s ID.
  4. If the bean implements the BeanFactoryAware interface, the factory calls setBeanFactory(), passing an instance of itself.
  5. If there are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean, their post- ProcessBeforeInitialization() methods will be called.
  6. If an init-method is specified for the bean, it will be called.
  7. Finally, if there are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean, their postProcessAfterInitialization() methods will be called.

How is a typical spring implementation look like? | Java Springs

For a typical Spring Application we need the following files:
1. An interface that defines the functions.
2. An Implementation that contains properties, its setter and getter methods, functions etc.,
3. Spring AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming)
4. A XML file called Spring configuration file.
5. Client program that uses the function.

What is the difference between Bean Factory and Application Context? | Java Springs

On the surface, an application context is same as a bean factory. But application context offers much more..
1. Application contexts provide a means for resolving text messages, including support for i18n of those messages.
2. Application contexts provide a generic way to load file resources, such as images.
3. Application contexts can publish events to beans that are registered as listeners.
4. Certain operations on the container or beans in the container, which have to be handled in a programmatic fashion with a bean factory, can be handled declaratively in an application context.
5. ResourceLoader support: Spring’s Resource interface us a flexible generic abstraction for handling low-level resources. An application context itself is a ResourceLoader, Hence provides an application with access to deployment-specific Resource instances.
6. MessageSource support: The application context implements MessageSource, an interface used to obtain localized messages, with the actual implementation being pluggable

What is Application Context? | Java Springs

A bean factory is fine to simple applications, but to take advantage of the full power of the Spring framework, you may want to move up to Springs more advanced container, the application context. On the surface, an application context is same as a bean factory.Both load bean definitions, wire beans together, and dispense beans upon request. But it also provides:

  •  A means for resolving text messages, including support for internationalization.
  •  A generic way to load file resources.
  •  Events to beans that are registered as listeners.

What is Bean Factory? | Java Springs

A BeanFactory is like a factory class that contains a collection of beans. The BeanFactory holds Bean Definitions of multiple beans within itself and then instantiates the bean whenever asked for by clients.

  •  BeanFactory is able to create associations between collaborating objects as they are instantiated. This removes the burden of configuration from bean itself and the beans client.
  • BeanFactory also takes part in the life cycle of a bean, making calls to custom initialization and destruction methods.

What are the types of Dependency Injection Spring supports? | Java Springs

Setter Injection:
Setter-based DI is realized by calling setter methods on your beans after invoking a no-argument constructor or no-argument static factory method to instantiate your bean.
Constructor Injection:
Constructor-based DI is realized by invoking a constructor with a number of arguments, each representing a collaborator.

How many modules are there in Spring? What are they? | Java Springs

Spring comprises of seven modules. They are..

► The core container:
The core container provides the essential functionality of the Spring framework. A primary component of the core container is the BeanFactory, an implementation of the Factory pattern. The BeanFactory applies the Inversion of Control (IOC) pattern to separate an application's configuration and dependency specification from the actual application code.

► Spring context:
The Spring context is a configuration file that provides context information to the Spring framework. The Spring context includes enterprise services such as JNDI, EJB, e-mail, internalization, validation, and scheduling functionality.

► Spring AOP:
The Spring AOP module integrates aspect-oriented programming functionality directly into the Spring framework, through its configuration management feature. As a result you can easily AOP-enable any object managed by the Spring framework. The Spring AOP module provides transaction management services for objects in any Spring-based application. With Spring AOP you can incorporate declarative transaction management into your applications without relying on EJB components.

What are features of Spring? | Java Springs

There are Several features in Springs:
► Lightweight:
spring is lightweight when it comes to size and transparency. The basic version of spring framework is around 1MB. And the processing overhead is also very negligible.
► Inversion of control (IOC):
Loose coupling is achieved in spring using the technique Inversion of Control. The objects give their dependencies instead of creating or looking for dependent objects.
► Aspect oriented (AOP):
Spring supports Aspect oriented programming and enables cohesive development by separating application business logic from system services.
► Container:
Spring contains and manages the life cycle and configuration of application objects.
► MVC Framework:
Spring comes with MVC web application framework, built on core Spring functionality. This framework is highly configurable via strategy interfaces, and accommodates multiple view technologies like JSP, Velocity, Tiles, iText, and POI. But other frameworks can be easily used instead of Spring MVC Framework.
► Transaction Management:
Spring framework provides a generic abstraction layer for transaction management. This allowing the developer to add the pluggable transaction managers, and making it easy to demarcate transactions without dealing with low-level issues. Spring's transaction support is not tied to J2EE environments and it can be also used in container less environments.
► JDBC Exception Handling:
The JDBC abstraction layer of the Spring offers a meaningful exception hierarchy, which simplifies the error handling

What are the advantages of Spring framework? | Java Springs

The advantages of Spring are as follows:
► Spring has layered architecture. Use what you need and leave you don't need now.
► Spring Enables POJO Programming. There is no behind the scene magic here. POJO programming enables continuous integration and testability.
► Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control Simplifies JDBC
► Open source and no vendor lock-in.

What is Spring? | Java Springs

Spring is an open source framework created to address the complexity of enterprise application development. One of the chief advantages of the Spring framework is its layered architecture, which allows you to be selective about which of its components you use while also providing a cohesive framework for J2EE application development.

Java Spring Framework Questions and Answers for Fresher

1.  What are the different types of AutoProxying? 
2.  What are the different advice types in spring? 
3.  What are the different points where weaving can be applied? 
4.  What is meant by Weaving? 
5.  What is a Proxy? 
6.  What is a Target?
7.  What is an Introduction in AOP?
8.  What is a Pointcut?
9.  What is an Advice?
10. What is a Jointpoint?
11. What is an Aspect?
12. What are different types of Autowire types?
13. What are the different types of bean injections?
14. What are Inner Beans?
15. What are the important beans lifecycle methods?
16. How to integrate your Struts application with Spring?
17. What is Significance of JSF- Spring integration?
18. Explain Bean lifecycle in Spring framework?
19. What is XMLBeanFactory?
20. What does a simple spring application contain?
21. What is Spring configuration file?
22. What is AOP Alliance?
23. What is web module?
24. What are object/relational mapping integration module?
25. What is JDBC abstraction and DAO module?
26. What is AOP module?
27. What is Application context module?
28. What is the Core container module?
29. What are the different modules in Spring framework?
30. What is DelegatingVariableResolver?
31. What do you mean by Auto Wiring?
32. What do you mean by Bean wiring?
33. What is the typical Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container?
34. How is a typical spring implementation look like?
35. What is the difference between Bean Factory and Application Context?
36. What is Application Context?
37. What is Bean Factory?
38. What are the types of Dependency Injection Spring supports?
39. How many modules are there in Spring? What are they?
40. What are features of Spring?
41. What are the advantages of Spring framework?
42. What is Spring?
43. What are features of Spring ?
44. What are the types of Dependency Injection Spring supports?
45. What is the difference between Bean Factory and Application Context ?  
46. What are the common implementations of the Application Context ?
47. What is the typical Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container ?
48. What are the ways to access Hibernate using Spring ?
49. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate using HibernateDaoSupport?
50. What are the benefits of the Spring Framework transaction management ?